Serial ULA

The Ferranti Serial ULA, top, and the VLSI Serial Processor.

The serial ULA is a custom Integrated Circuit (IC) developed by Acorn Computer for use in its BBC Microcomputer series. It shares the 6850 ACIA between the cassette port and serial port, provides a clock for the ACIA, and modulation, demodulation and motor control for the cassette port.

The original IC was fabricated by Ferranti as an Uncommitted Logic Array (ULA), permanently mask-programmed to Acorn's specification; part number ULA 2C199E. Later, Acorn second-sourced the chip from VLSI Technology, Inc.; this was a different design, more correctly known as the SERPROC (Serial Processor); part number VC 2026/201648. With one exception this was functionally and physically compatible with the serial ULA.

Interface

Control register

The serial ULA control register appears in SHEILA at address &FE10. It is a write-only register but the MOS maintains a copy in RAM at address &282, and a related flag at address &25D.

The preferred methods to update the control register are via OSBYTE calls 7, 8, 137 (&89) and 205 (&CD) or the *MOTOR command. Between them these calls provide complete control over the ULA whilst the Cassette Filing System is inactive. *FX 151,16,n should not be used as this does not update the RAM copy and the MOS will override the setting when it next writes to the register.

The register is summarised as follows:

b7	b6	b5,	b4,	b3	b2,	b1,	b0
Cassette motor on	Serial port enabled	Receive clock rate			Transmit clock rate

The clock rate fields are defined as follows:

b5	b4	b3	Receive clock rate	Receive baud rate (÷ 64)	*FX 7,n
-or-
b2	b1	b0	Transmit clock rate	Transmit baud rate (÷ 64)	*FX 8,n
0	0	0	1228.8 kHz	19200 baud	8
1	0	0	614.4 kHz	9600 baud	7
0	1	0	307.2 kHz	4800 baud	6
1	1	0	153.6 kHz	2400 baud	5
0	0	1	76.8 kHz	1200 baud	4
1	0	1	19.2 kHz	300 baud	3
0	1	1	9.6 kHz	150 baud	2
1	1	1	4.8 kHz	75 baud	1

The 19200 baud rate setting is not guaranteed. These are nominal values — actual rates are 0.16 percent higher as they are derived from a (16/13) MHz clock.

In serial mode the MOS fixes the clock divider of the ACIA at '÷ 64', giving the baud rates listed above. The default value of the control register is &64 (motor off, serial port enabled, 9600 baud receive and transmit.)

In cassette mode the MOS writes the hard-coded value &85 to the control register (motor on, cassette enabled, 19200 baud receive, 300 baud transmit) and sets the ACIA clock divider to '÷ 16' for the 1200 baud Acorn format, or '÷ 64' for the 300 baud CUTS format. '÷ 1' selects the often-mentioned 'third baud rate' of 19200 baud, which is quite unusable. (The ULA only emits whole 2400 Hz cycles or whole 1200 Hz cycles, so much of the data is lost.)

The ULA itself ignores bits 5 to 3 and generates a receive clock of 19.2 kHz when bit 6 is clear. (The SERPROC also disregards bits 5 and 4 but reassigns bit 3 for another purpose, see below.) When saving, bits 2 to 0 as well as the ACIA clock divider govern the baud rate, as in serial mode, but again the MOS only adjusts the divider.

SERPROC extension

While the cassette port is active, bit 3 of the VLSI chip's register controls modulation and demodulation tone levels.

b6	b5	b4	b3	Port enabled	Logical 0	Logical 1	Receive clock rate	Compatibility
1	x	x	x	Serial port	+5V	−5V	(see above) set by b5–b3	RS 423
0	x	x	1	Cassette port	2400 Hz	1200 Hz	19.2 kHz	Ohio Scientific computers, UoSAT-1, ITU-T V.1
0	x	x	0	Cassette port	1200 Hz	2400 Hz	19.2 kHz	Acorn computers, UoSAT-2, BASICODE

The Chip Shop's BASICODE 2 (1984) falls foul of the extension. It sets bit 3 = 1 and assumes logical 0 will remain at 1200 Hz, making it compatible only with the Ferranti ULA. ASK's Facemaker and Icon's Caveman Capers fail to load for the same reason. All three can be read through the SERPROC if the custom-loaded portions are played with the frequencies swapped. (Pace's Fortress does not yield so easily; the level change when the SERPROC is reprogrammed causes an unexpected framing error from the ACIA, which hangs the Fortress load routine.) Alternatively one small modification to Fortress or the BASICODE loader will make both Ferranti and VLSI parts accept the streams as published.

Pinout

Notes

An issue was identified with the Ferranti ULA whereby it would sometimes need to be 'thumped' in software before it would recognise cassette files. The 'thump' involved turning the cassette motor off, then quickly on after the motor has been turned on with an official call. The workaround was included in the MOS.

References

-- beardo 17:07, 16 December 2008 (UTC)